The effect of neglecting VLBI reference station clock offsets on UT1 estimates

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) allows to monitor universal time (UT1) by conducting regular international experiments. Such dedicated observation networks are equipped with different hardware components, which require different processing strategies when the data are correlated. As the timing units at each stations are usually offset with respect to universal time (UTC) this effect should be considered during correlation processing. Thus, it is investigated how neglecting of these offsets theoretically impacts the estimation of UT1. Three different strategies for the proper handling of the timing offset will be discussed and their advantages/drawbacks will be pointed out. Moreover, it is studied how neglecting of these timing offsets affects UT1 time-series and how such a missing correction can be applied a posteriori. Although the discussed effect is for most of the UT1 experiments smaller than the formal error of the estimates, it is important to consider station clock offsets properly in next-generation VLBI systems, which are expected to improve accuracy of results by about one order of magnitude.     

Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

软件GNSS信号模拟器架构与中频信号生成

软件GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite Systems)信号模拟器对于GNSS接收机的高效研发将做出重要贡献,因其结构灵活、开放性以及低成本.以GPS/Galileo组合系统为例,讨论了软件GNSS中频信号模拟器的架构,主要功能模块包括卫星星座仿真、接收机轨迹生成、传播通道特性仿真(包括电离层模型、对流层模型、多径模型等)、数字中频信号生成.在此基础上,着重阐述了数字中频信号生成模块的实现,功率谱图及分析结果验证了所生成的信号,包括GPS L1 C/A,Galileo E1 CBOC(Composite Binary Offset Carrier),Galileo E5a和E5b信号.     

空间非合作目标的相对导航粒子滤波算法

针对激光交会雷达作为在空间交会对接过程中的相对导航敏感器,研究了未来特殊背景下,非合作目标航天器对雷达信号发射干扰的情况下的相对导航滤波算法.针对高维模型计算量大的特点对传统粒子滤波算法进行了改进,并与扩展卡尔曼滤波器进行了仿真比较,仿真结果表明改进后的粒子滤波器的滤波效果远远优于扩展卡尔曼滤波器,且计算量优于传统粒子滤波.     

耦合凝相-气相动力学机理的二硝酰胺铵燃烧模型

为了研究二硝酰胺铵ADN(Ammonium Dinitramide)固体推进剂燃烧物理化学过程并预测其燃 烧特性,建立一个耦合凝相-气相动力学机理的ADN燃烧模型。该模型基于凝相与气相的总连 续方程、组元连续方程、能量守恒方程及有限速率化学动力学方程而建立,并引入多组元系 统状态方程封闭方程组。模型中包含34种组元,1个固相（凝相）ADN分解总化学反应和165 个气相细节（基元）化学反应,并使用以温度函数表示的物性参数进行计算。应用气相燃烧 模型 对0.6 MPa下ADN燃烧火焰温度、组元摩尔浓度分布进行预测;应用耦合凝相-气相的燃烧模 型对0.2 MPa～36 MPa压强区域内柱状端燃ADN推进剂燃速、燃烧表面温度进行预测,计算结 果与文献报道试验数据较吻合。说明该燃烧模型能够较准确描述ADN气相燃烧波结构和ADN固 体推进剂燃速特性。
     

片状Al及Al//Mg合金粉的制备及性能

针对金属/水推进剂对金属粉的要求,采用双向旋转球磨机制备了片状Al及Al/Mg合金粉.应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(TG-DSC)、简易点火温度和水反应特性测试装置等手段分析了产物的形貌、结构及高温氧化过程、点火温度和水反应特性等.与球形Al对比结果表明,片状Al及Al/Mg合金粉总增重率大幅提高,初始放热峰温降低,活性增强,点火温度分别降低150℃和400 ℃以上.Al/Mg合金粉的水反应活性优于片状Al粉.     

浸渗时间对C/C-SiC复合材料显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用反应熔体浸渗法,经不同的浸渗时间渗Si制备了3种不同的C/C-SiC复合材料,测试了材料的增重率、体积密度、断裂韧性及三点弯曲强度,分析了材料的物相组成,并观察了材料的显微结构.结果表明,在得到的C/C-SiC复合材料中,主要存在纳米级和微米级2种尺度的SiC颗粒,随着浸渗时间延长,材料的体积密度和SiC含量随之增加,但抗弯强度随之降低.浸渗时间从0.5 h延长到5 h,材料的密度从2.16 g·cm-3增加到2.21 g·cm-3,SiC的质量百分含量从21.54%增加到31.72%,三点弯曲强度从133 MPa下降到86 MPa,3种复合材料均表现出一种类似于金属材料的非脆性断裂行为,断裂应变约为1.3%,断裂韧性为9～10 MPa·m1/2.     

用于共注射RTM工艺的环氧树脂和酚醛树脂的工艺特性

研究了用于共注射RTM工艺制备承载/隔热/防热一体化复合材料的酚醛树脂和环氧树脂的工艺特性.以苯并噁嗪为防热层的酚醛树脂基体,研究得到了满足共注射工艺条件的环氧树脂体系并确定了共注射的工艺窗口.研究结果表明,以E-44为基体树脂、以GA327改性芳胺为固化剂所构成的环氧树脂体系可作为承载层的基体树脂和苯并噁嗪树脂进行共注射,其共注射的工艺窗口温度为85～90 ℃,在此温度范围内,环氧树脂体系和低粘度保持时间大于20 min,满足了共注射RTM成型一体化复合材料的基本工艺要求.     

模压压力对焦炭颗粒增强沥青基炭复合材料性能的影响(英文)

采用普通液压机和新型高效的模压半炭化成型工艺,在大气环境下制备出了高密度、低成本的焦炭颗粒增强沥青基炭复合材料.研究了模压压力对焦炭颗粒增强沥青基炭复合材料的体积密度和抗压强度的影响趋势,并探讨了复合材料的体积密度与抗压强度之间的相互关系.结果表明,增大模压压力,沥青基炭复合材料的体积密度和抗压强度随之明显增加;继续增大模压压力,体积密度仍然呈上升趋势,但抗压强度却突然下降;沥青基炭复合材料的体积密度越高,其抗压强度未必也就越大.     

压力对天然气为前驱体制备C/C复合材料的影响

研究了以天然气为前驱体制备C/C复合材料时,前驱体压力对致密化速率及热解炭显微结构的影响.通过偏光显微镜测量单根炭纤维上所沉积的热解炭厚度,并观测不同区域的热解炭显微结构.实验结果表明,在沉积温度为1 100 ℃时,当前驱体压力从1 kPa提高到10 kPa时,C/C复合材料的密度从1.10 g/cm3增加到1.52 g/cm3,密度梯度减小,同时热解炭的结构出现SL到RL的转变.